1 Chishandiso Chikuru
Kufamba-famba kusina kumonyoroka uko vanhu vanosangana nako muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva kune chimiro chakareruka uye kunoumbwa nemafuta akafanana akaunganidzwa kuita mabundles. Kufamba-famba kusina kumonyoroka kunogona kukamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: kusina alkali uye pakati nepakati pealkali, izvo zvinonyanya kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nekusiyana kwekugadzirwa kwegirazi. Kuti kugadzirwe magirazi akakodzera, dhayamita yeshinda dzegirazi dzinoshandiswa inofanira kunge iri pakati pe12 ne23 μm. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo, inogona kushandiswa zvakananga mukugadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvakasanganiswa, zvakaita sekumonera nekuputika. Uye inogonawo kurukwa kuita machira ekufamba-famba, kunyanya nekuda kwekuoma kwayo kwakafanana. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo yekushandisa kufamba-famba kwakachekwa yakafarawo zvikuru.
1.1.1Kufamba-famba pasina kutenderera kuti urove
Mukuita kwekugadzira majekiseni eFRP, kufamba kusingachinjiki kunofanirwa kunge kune zvinhu zvinotevera:
(1) Sezvo kucheka nguva dzose kuchidikanwa pakugadzira, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti magetsi mashoma asingachinji anogadzirwa panguva yekucheka, izvo zvinoda kushanda zvakanaka kwekucheka.
(2) Mushure mekucheka, sirika yakawanda sezvinobvira inovimbiswa kugadzirwa, saka kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira sirika kunovimbiswa kuti kwakakwira. Kushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzira tambo mushure mekucheka kwakanyanya.
(3) Mushure mekuchekwa, kuti shinda isina kuchekwa ikwanise kuvharwa zvizere paforoma, shinda isina kuchekwa inofanira kunge yakaputirwa zvakanaka.
(4) Nekuti zvinodiwa kuti zvive nyore kutenderedza zvakati sandara kuti zvibudise mabubble emhepo, zvinodikanwa kuti zvipinde mu resin nekukurumidza.
(5) Nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemapuraya akasiyana-siyana, kuti akwane mapuraya akasiyana, iva nechokwadi chekuti ukobvu hwewaya isina kubikwa huri pakati nepakati.
1.1.2Kufamba-famba kusingachinjiki kweSMC
SMC, inozivikanwawo se sheet molding compound, inogona kuonekwa kwese kwese muhupenyu, senge zvikamu zvemota zvinozivikanwa, mabhavhu uye zvigaro zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandisa SMC roving. Mukugadzirwa, kune zvakawanda zvinodiwa pakufamba kweSMC. Zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti jira reSMC rinogadzirwa rakanaka, hunhu hwakanaka hwe antistatic, uye mvere shoma kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti jira reSMC rinogadzirwa rakakodzera. Kune SMC ine mavara, zvinodiwa pakufamba zvakasiyana, uye zvinofanirwa kunge zviri nyore kupinda mu resin ine pigment. Kazhinji, fiberglass SMC roving yakajairika i2400tex, uye kunewo zviitiko zvishoma apo i4800tex.
1.1.3Kufamba-famba kusina kumonyoroka kuti kutenderere
Kuti pagadzirwe mapaipi eFRP ane ukobvu hwakasiyana, nzira yekumonera matangi ekuchengetera yakavapo. Pakufamba-famba kuti pave nekumonera, inofanira kunge iine hunhu hunotevera.
(1) Inofanira kunge iri nyore kuinama, kazhinji yakaita setepi yakati sandara.
(2) Sezvo kufamba-famba kusina kumonyoroka kuchiwanzodonha kubva mudenderedzwa kana kwabviswa kubva mubobbin, kunofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti kuora kwayo kwakanaka, uye sirika inobuda haigone kusvibiswa sedendere reshiri.
(3) Kushushikana hakugone kuva kukuru kana kudiki kamwe kamwe, uye chiitiko chekurembera hachigone kuitika.
(4) Kuwanda kwemutsetse kunodiwa pakufamba usina kumonyoroka kunofanira kunge kwakaenzana uye kushoma pane kukosha kwakataurwa.
(5) Kuti zvive nyore kunyoroveswa kana uchipfuura nemutangi re resin, kupindira kwemvura mukufamba-famba kunodiwa kuti kuve kwakanaka.
1.1.4Kufamba-famba kuti pave ne pultrusion
Maitiro e pultrusion anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira ma profiles akasiyana-siyana ane zvikamu zvakafanana. Kufamba-famba kwe pultrusion kunofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti girazi rayo rine fiber uye simba rayo riri padanho rimwe chete zviri padanho repamusoro. Kufamba-famba kwe pultrusion kunoshandiswa mukugadzira musanganiswa we tambo dzakawanda dzesirika isina kubikwa, uye dzimwe dzinogonawo kunge dziri direct rovings, dzese dziri mbiri dzinogoneka. Zvimwe zvinodiwa pakushanda kwadzo zvakafanana nedze winding rovings.
1.1.5 Kufamba-famba kusingachinjiki kwekuruka
Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinoona machira egingham ane ukobvu hwakasiyana kana machira ekufamba-famba achienda kudivi rimwe chete, izvo zvinova muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwakakosha kwekufamba-famba, uko kunoshandiswa pakuruka. Kufamba-famba kunoshandiswa kunonziwo kufamba-famba pakuruka. Mazhinji emachira aya anoiswa muFRP molding yemaoko. Pakuruka-famba, zvinodiwa zvinotevera zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa:
(1) Haipfeki zvakanyanya.
(2) Zviri nyore kunamatira.
(3) Nekuti inonyanya kushandiswa pakuruka, panofanira kuva nedanho rekuomesa usati waruka.
(4) Panyaya yekumanikidzwa, zvinonyanya kuve nechokwadi chekuti haigone kuve yakakura kana diki kamwe kamwe, uye inofanira kuchengetwa yakafanana. Uye inosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu akati wandei maererano nekurembera.
(5) Kuora kweganda kuri nani.
(6) Zviri nyore kupinda neresin kana uchipfuura nepakati petangi reresin, saka kupindira kwayo kunofanira kunge kwakanaka.
1.1.6 Kufamba-famba usina kutenderera kuti ugadzire chimiro
Maitiro anonzi preform, kazhinji, ndeekugadzirira usati wagadzira, uye chigadzirwa chinowanikwa mushure mematanho akakodzera. Mukugadzira, tinotanga tacheka roving, topfapfaidza roving yakachekwa panet, apo mambure anofanira kunge ari mambure ane chimiro chakatarwa. Tobva tapfapfaidza resin zvichienderana nechimiro. Pakupedzisira, chigadzirwa chakaumbwa chinoiswa muchiumbwa, uye resin inopinzwa uye yobva yadzvanywa nekupisa kuti chigadzirwa chiwanikwe. Zvinodiwa zvekushanda kwe preform rovings zvakafanana neizvo zve jet rovings.
1.2 Jira rinofamba-famba nefaibha regirazi
Kune machira akawanda anotenderera, uye gingham ndeimwe yacho. Mukuita kweFRP nemaoko, gingham inoshandiswa zvakanyanya se substrate inonyanya kukosha. Kana uchida kuwedzera simba regingham, saka unofanirwa kushandura divi rejira re warp ne weft, iro rinogona kushandurwa kuita gingham imwe chete. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti jira re checkered rakanaka, hunhu hunotevera hunofanira kuvimbiswa.
(1) Pajira, rinofanira kunge rakati sandara rose, risina mapundu, mipendero nemakona zvinofanira kunge zvakatwasuka, uye hapafanirwe kuva nemavanga akasviba.
(2) Kureba, upamhi, mhando, huremu uye huremu hwejira zvinofanira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa.
(3) Filaments dzegirazi dzinofanira kumonerwa zvakanaka.
(4) Kukwanisa kupinda nekukurumidza neresin.
(5) Kuoma uye hunyoro hwemachira akarukwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofanirwa kusangana nezvimwe zvinodiwa.
1.3 Mati yegirazi yefaibha
Kutanga cheka tambo dzegirazi wodzisasa pabhandi remachira rakagadzirwa. Wobva wasasa chibatiso pairi, wochipisa kuti chinyunguduke, wobva wachitonhodza kuti chiome, uye tambo yakachekwa inogadzirwa. Matandi efiber akachekwa anoshandiswa mukugadzira nemaoko uye mukuruka maSMC membranes. Kuti uwane mhedzisiro yakanaka yetambo yakachekwa, mukugadzirwa, zvinodiwa zvetambo yakachekwa ndeizvi zvinotevera.
(1) Mati yese yakachekwa yakatsetseka uye yakaenzana.
(2) Maburi ejira rakachekwa madiki uye saizi yakaenzana
(4) Kusangana nemimwe mitemo.
(5) Inogona kuzara neresin nekukurumidza.
1.3.2 Meti yetambo inoenderera mberi
Tambo dzegirazi dzinoiswa dzakati sandara pabhandi remachira zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Kazhinji, vanhu vanoti dzinofanira kuiswa dzakati sandara mumufananidzo wechisere. Wobva wadira chinamira cheupfu pamusoro wochipisa kuti chirambe chakasimba. Matambo anoenderera mberi akanaka kupfuura matambo akachekwa mukusimbisa zvinhu zvakasanganiswa, kunyanya nekuti machira egirazi ari mumatambo anoenderera mberi anogara achisimbiswa. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwayo kuri nani, yakashandiswa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana.
1.3.3Mat yepamusoro
Kushandiswa kwemeti yepamusoro kwakajairikawo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, senge resin layer yezvigadzirwa zveFRP, inova medium alkali glass surface mat. Tora FRP semuenzaniso, nekuti meti yayo yepamusoro yakagadzirwa negirazi repakati alkali, inoita kuti FRP igadzikane nemakemikari. Panguva imwe chete, nekuti meti yepamusoro yakareruka uye yakatetepa, inogona kunwisa resin yakawanda, iyo isingangogone chete kudzivirira asiwo kuita basa rakanaka.
1.3.4Meti yetsono
Matinji etsono akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, chikamu chekutanga ndechekupwanya netsono yefiber yakachekwa. Maitiro ekugadzira ari nyore, tanga wacheka girazi refiber, saizi yacho inenge 5 cm, woisa pasi zvisina kurongeka, wobva waisa substrate pabhandi rekufambisa, wobva wabaya substrate netsono yekurukira, nekuda kwemhedzisiro yetsono yekurukira. Matinji anobayiwa musubstrate uye obva amutswa kuti agadzire chimiro chetatu-dimensional. Substrate yakasarudzwa ine zvimwe zvinodiwa uye inofanira kunge iine kufefetera kwakapfava. Zvigadzirwa zvematinji zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukudzivirira ruzha uye zvinhu zvekudzivirira kupisa zvichienderana nehunhu hwazvo. Ehe, inogona zvakare kushandiswa muFRP, asi haina kufarirwa nekuti chigadzirwa chakawanikwa chine simba shoma uye chinowanzo pwanyika. Imwe mhando inonzi matinji ekurukira anoenderera mberi, uye maitiro ekugadzira ari nyorewo. Kutanga, filament inokandwa zvisina kurongeka pabhandi remesh rakagadzirwa pachine nguva nemudziyo wekukanda waya. Saizvozvowo, tsono yekurukira inotorwa kuti igadzire chimiro chetatu-dimensional fiber. Mugirazi fiber yakasimbiswa thermoplastics, matinji ekurukira anoenderera mberi anoshandiswa zvakanaka.
1.3.5Yakasonerwameti
Magirazi akachekwa anogona kuchinjwa kuita maumbirwo maviri akasiyana mukati mehurefu hwakati kuburikidza nekusona kwemuchina wekusona. Chekutanga ndechekuva mati akachekwa etambo, ayo anotsiva mati akachekwa etambo ane bonde. Chechipiri mati ane fiber refu, ayo anotsiva mati anoenderera mberi etambo. Mafomu maviri aya akasiyana ane mukana wakafanana. Haashandisi manamati mukugadzirwa, kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye marara, uye kugutsa vanhu vari kutsvaga kuchengetedza zviwanikwa nekuchengetedza nharaunda.
1.4 Fiber dzakakuyiwa
Maitiro ekugadzira fiber yakakuyiwa ari nyore kwazvo. Tora muchina wekugadzira simbi kana bhora woisa fiber dzakachekwa mairi. Kukuya nekukuya fibers kunewo mashandisirwo akawanda mukugadzirwa. Mukuita kwekuisa reaction, fiber yakakuyiwa inoshanda sechinhu chinosimbisa, uye mashandiro ayo ari nani kupfuura mamwe fibers. Kuti isatsemuke uye ivandudze kupwanyika mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakaumbwa nesimbi, fiber dzakakuyiwa dzinogona kushandiswa sefillers.
1.5 Jira reFiberglass
1.5.1Jira regirazi
Iri jira regirazi rinogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana rine mwero wakasiyana. Mumunda wejira regirazi munyika yangu, rakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: jira regirazi risina alkali uye jira regirazi repakati nepakati. Kushandiswa kwejira regirazi kunogona kunzi kwakakura kwazvo, uye muviri wemotokari, hull, tangi rekuchengetera zvinhu, nezvimwewo zvinogona kuonekwa mumufananidzo wejira regirazi risina alkali. Kune jira regirazi repakati nepakati, kuramba kwaro ngura kuri nani, saka rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira zvinhu zvekurongedza uye zvinodzivirira ngura. Kuti utonge hunhu hwemachira egirazi, zvinonyanya kukosha kutanga kubva pazvinhu zvina, hunhu hwefiber pachayo, chimiro cheshinda yegirazi, divi rewarp neweft uye patani yejira. Mugwara rewarp neweft, huwandu hunoenderana nechimiro chakasiyana cheshinda uye patani yejira. Hunhu hwemuviri hwejira hunoenderana nehuwandu hwewarp neweft uye chimiro cheshinda yegirazi.
Ribhoni yegirazi 1.5.2
Ribhoni yegirazi inonyanya kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri, rudzi rwekutanga i selvedge, rudzi rwechipiri i non-woven selvedge, iyo yakarukwa zvichienderana ne pattern ye plain weave. Ribhoni dzegirazi dzinogona kushandiswa kuzvikamu zvemagetsi zvinoda dielectric properties. Zvikamu zvemagetsi zvine simba guru.
1.5.3 Jira rakasiyana-siyana
Machira anoshandiswa nenzira imwe chete muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva anorukwa kubva pashinda mbiri dzine ukobvu hwakasiyana, uye machira anobuda ane simba guru munzira huru.
1.5.4 Jira rine mativi matatu
Jira rine mativi matatu rakasiyana nechimiro chejira replane, rine mativi matatu, saka mhedzisiro yaro iri nani pane fiber yeplane. Zvinhu zvine mativi matatu zvine mabhenefiti asina zvimwe zvinhu zvine mativi matatu zvine mhedzisiro. Nekuti fiber ine mativi matatu, mhedzisiro yacho yese iri nani, uye kuramba kukuvara kunowedzera kusimba. Nekukura kwesainzi netekinoroji, kudiwa kwayo mundege, mota nengarava kwakaita kuti tekinoroji iyi iwedzere kukura, uye ikozvino inotora nzvimbo mumunda wemitambo nemidziyo yekurapa. Mhando dzejira dzine mativi matatu dzakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvishanu, uye kune maumbirwo akawanda. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti nzvimbo yekuvandudza yejira rine mativi matatu yakakura.
1.5.5 Jira rakaumbwa
Machira akaumbwa anoshandiswa kusimbisa zvinhu zvakasanganiswa, uye chimiro chawo chinoenderana zvikuru nechimiro chechinhu chinofanira kusimbiswa, uye, kuti chive nechokwadi chekuti zvinoenderana, chinofanira kurukwa pamuchina wakatsaurirwa. Mukugadzira, tinogona kugadzira maumbirwo akafanana kana asina kuenzana ane miganho mishoma uye mikana yakanaka.
1.5.6 Jira repakati rakaiswa grooved
Kugadzirwa kwejira repakati pemugero kuri nyorewo. Machira maviri akaiswa zvakaenzana, uye anobva abatanidzwa nematanda akamira akamira, uye nzvimbo dzawo dzakachinjika dzinovimbiswa kuva matriangles akajairwa kana kuti marectangles.
1.5.7 Jira rakasonwa negirazi refiberglass
Ijira rakasiyana-siyana, vanhu vanoridaidzawo kuti mati akarukwa uye mati akarukwa, asi harisi jira nemati sezvatinozviziva nenzira yakajairika. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti kune jira rakasonerwa, risingarukwe pamwe chete newarp neweft, asi rinopindirana newarp neweft.
1.5.8 Chivharo chekudzivirira girazi refiberglass
Maitiro ekugadzira ari nyore. Kutanga, mamwe machira egirazi anosarudzwa, uye ozorukwa kuita chimiro chechubhu. Zvadaro, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvemhando yekudzivirira, zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa zvinogadzirwa nekudziputira neresin.
1.6 Musanganiswa wegirazi fiber
Nekukura nekukurumidza kwekuratidzira kwesainzi netekinoroji, tekinoroji yegirazi fiber yafambirawo mberi zvikuru, uye zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvegirazi fiber zvakaonekwa kubva muna 1970 kusvika pari zvino. Kazhinji pane zvinotevera:
(1) Meti yetambo yakachekwa + isina kumonyoroka + meti yetambo yakachekwa
(2) Jira risina kumonyoroka + jira rakachekwa
(3) Matavi akachekwa + matavi anoenderera mberi + matavi akachekwa
(4) Kufamba-famba zvisina kurongeka + mubhedha wepakutanga wakachekwa
(5) Fiber yekabhoni imwe chete + jira rakachekwa kana kuti jira
(6) Meti yepamusoro + tambo dzakachekwa
(7) Jira regirazi + girazi rakatetepa kana kuti jira regirazi rinotenderera zvakananga + girazi
1.7 Jira risina kurukwa nefaibha yegirazi
Tekinoroji iyi haina kuwanikwa kekutanga munyika yangu. Tekinoroji yekutanga yakagadzirwa muEurope. Gare gare, nekuda kwekutama kwevanhu, tekinoroji iyi yakaunzwa kuUnited States, South Korea nedzimwe nyika. Kuti isimudzire kusimudzira indasitiri yefiber yegirazi, nyika yangu yakagadzira mafekitori akati wandei akakura uye yakaisa mari yakawanda mukutanga mitsetse yakawanda yekugadzira yepamusoro. Munyika yangu, machira efiber egirazi akanyanya kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:
(1) Mateti edenga anoita basa guru mukuvandudza hunhu hwema membrane easphalt uye ma shingles ane mavara easphalt, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka kwazvo.
(2) Mati yepombi: Sezita rayo, chigadzirwa ichi chinonyanya kushandiswa mumapaipi. Nekuti faibha yegirazi haipindi ngura, inogona kudzivirira pombi kubva ngura.
(3) Meti yepamusoro inonyanya kushandiswa pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zveFRP kuti idzivirire.
(4) Mati yekuisa madziro nedenga inonyanya kushandiswa pamadziro nepadenga nekuti inogona kudzivirira pendi kuti isatsemuke. Inogona kuita kuti madziro ave akati sandara uye haafanirwe kuchekererwa kwemakore mazhinji.
(5) Meti yepasi inonyanya kushandiswa sechinhu chepasi mumadziro ePVC
(6) Meti yekapeti; sechinhu chepasi pemakapeti.
(7) Meti yelaminate ine mhangura yakabatana nelaminate ine mhangura inogona kuwedzera kugona kwayo kubhomba nekuboora.
2 Mashandisirwo chaiwo egirazi fiber
2.1 Kusimbisa musimboti wekongiri yakasimbiswa nefaibha yegirazi
Nheyo yekongiri yakasimbiswa nefaibha yegirazi yakafanana zvikuru neyezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nefaibha yegirazi. Chekutanga, kuwedzera faibha yegirazi kukongiri, faibha yegirazi inotakura kushushikana kwemukati kwechinhu chacho, kuitira kuti inonoke kana kudzivirira kukura kwemakatsemuka madiki. Panguva yekuumbwa kwemakatsemuka ekongiri, chinhu chinoshanda seaggregate chinodzivirira kuitika kwemakatsemuka. Kana aggregate effect yakanaka zvakakwana, makatsemuka haazokwanisi kukura nekupinza. Basa refaibha yegirazi kukongiri iaggregate, iyo inogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira kugadzirwa nekupararira kwemakatsemuka. Kana mutsemuka ukapararira pedyo nefaibha yegirazi, faibha yegirazi ichavhara kufambira mberi kwemutsemuka, nokudaro zvichiita kuti mutsemuka utore nzira yekutsauka, uye saizvozvo, nzvimbo yekuwedzera yemutsemuka ichawedzerwa, saka simba rinodiwa pakukuvadzwa richawedzerwawo.
2.2 Maitiro ekuparadza kongiri yakasimbiswa nefaibha yegirazi
Kongiri yakasimbiswa nefiber yegirazi isati yapwanyika, simba rekudhonza rinogovaniswa zvakanyanya nekongiri nefiber yegirazi. Munguva yekupwanyika, kushushikana kunopfuudzwa kubva kukongiri kuenda kufiber yegirazi iri pedyo. Kana simba rekudhonza rikaramba richikwira, fiber yegirazi ichakuvara, uye nzira dzekukuvadza dzinosanganisira kukuvara kwekuchekwa, kukuvara kwekumanikidzwa, uye kukuvara kwekudhonza.
2.2.1 Kukundikana kwekucheka
Kuomarara kwesimbi kunotakurwa nekongiri yakasimbiswa nefaibha yegirazi kunogovaniswa nefaibha yegirazi nekongiri, uye kuomarara kwesimbi kunopfuudzwa kufaibha yegirazi kuburikidza nekongiri, kuitira kuti chimiro chefaibha yegirazi chikanganiswe. Zvisinei, faibha yegirazi ine zvayakanakira. Ine hurefu hwakareba uye nzvimbo diki yekudzivirira kuomarara, saka kuvandudzwa kwekudzivirira kuomarara kwefaibha yegirazi hakuna kusimba.
2.2.2 Kukundikana kwekuneta
Kana simba rekudhonza regirazi rakawanda kupfuura mwero wakati, girazi rinotyoka. Kana kongiri ikatsemuka, girazi rinozoreba zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanduka kwekudhonza, vhoriyamu yaro yedivi inodzikira, uye simba rekudhonza rinotyoka nekukurumidza.
2.2.3 Kukuvadzwa kwekudhonza
Kana kongiri yapwanyika, simba rekudhonza regirazi richawedzera zvakanyanya, uye simba rekudhonza richave rakakura kupfuura simba riri pakati pegirazi nekongiri, zvekuti girazi richakuvara robva rabviswa.
2.3 Hunhu hwekuchinjika kwekongiri yakasimbiswa nefiber yegirazi
Kana kongiri yakasimbiswa yatakura mutoro, curve yayo yekumanikidzwa ichakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana kubva pakuongorora kwemuchina, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo. Danho rekutanga: elastic deformation inotanga kusvika patsemuka kwekutanga. Chinhu chikuru chedanho iri ndechekuti deformation inowedzera yakatwasuka kusvika papoindi A, iyo inomiririra simba rekutanga rekutsemuka kwekongiri yakasimbiswa nefiber yegirazi. Danho rechipiri: kana kongiri yatsemuka, mutoro wayo uchatamisirwa kune fiber dziri pedyo kuti itakura, uye simba rekutakura rinoonekwa zvichienderana nefiber yegirazi pachayo uye simba rekubatanidza nekongiri. Point B ndiyo simba rekupedzisira rekongiri yakasimbiswa nefiber yegirazi. Danho rechitatu: kusvika pasimba rekupedzisira, fiber yegirazi inotyoka kana kudhonzwa, uye fiber dzasara dzinogona kutakura chikamu chemutoro kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti brittle breakdown haizoitiki.
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Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-06-2022
